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(
Germany) around 1860
Industrialisation (also spelt
Industrialization) or an
Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a
pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an industry one (a fully developed capitalist economy). It is a part of wider modernization process, where this social and economic change is closely related with
technology innovation, particularly the
Betterment of large-scale energy and
metallurgy production. Industrialisation also introduces some form of
philosophy change, or to a different attitude in the perception of nature.
The lack of a large industry sector is widely seen as a major handicap in a country's economy, pushing many governments to encourage or enforce industrialisation through artificial means.
The world's industrialization started with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century in northwest
England.
When
Capitalization, Industrial Revolution refers to the first industrial revolution, which took place in Great Britain during the 18th century and 19th century centuries. The
Second Industrial Revolution describes later, somewhat less dramatic changes which came about with the widespread availability of
electric power, the
internal-combustion engine and
assembly lines.
Consequences
Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above List of subsistence techniques, meaning that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, 80% of the labor force was employed in subsistence agriculture.
Some pre-industrial economies, such as
Ancient Athens, have had trade and commerce as significant factors, enjoying wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living.
Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the
Netherlands and England of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Medieval commune of the 15th century and the ancient Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome civilisations were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and commercialization of the
Agriculture. It is estimated that during the 17th century Netherlands imported nearly 70% of its grain supply and in the 5th century BC Athens imported 75% of its total food supply.
Industrialisation has spawned its own health problems. Modern Stress (medicine)ors include noise, air, water
pollution,
Food processing#Drawbacks, Work accident, Social alienation,
isolation (psychology),
poverty, homelessness, and
Drug abuse. Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social,
Politics, and Culture factors as by
pathogens. Industrialisation has become a major medical issue world wide.
History
Industrial Revolution in Western Europe
In the 16th century and 17th century
Great Britain experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as
British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented
population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and helping, thereby, drive the
Industrial Revolution.
The new manpower couldn't dedicate to agriculture due to the lack of land; besides, this was not needed neither because the higher productivity
mechanization farming granted allowed a single
peasant to feed a bigger number of otherwise employed
workers. On the other hand, new agriculture technics rised the demand for machines and other
hardware, traditionally provided by the
Urban area artisans. Artisans, collectively called bourgeoisie, employed
rural Human migration#Ravenstein's 'laws of migration'' workers to increase their output and meet the country's needs. The growth of their
business coupled with the lack of experience of the new workers pushed to a Rationalization (economics) and standardization of the duties the in
workshops, thus leading to a
division of work, that is, a primitive form of Fordism.The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanized in order to boost the productivity, therefore the income. The accumulation of capital allowed investments in the
scientific research, enabling the industrialization process to self-sustain.
The mechanization of production spread to the countries surrounding England in Western Europe and
northern Europe and to British Settler colonialism, making those areas the wealthiest since, and shaping what is now know as the Western world.
Incidentally, the possession of
Exploitation colinialism eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their
Economic development. The consequence was that the Colony integrated a bigger
economic system in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside who demand manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the
metropole stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is the triangular trade, who involved England, southern United States and western Africa. This polarity still affects the world, and deeply retarded the industrialization of what is now know as the
Third world.
Other developed countries
After the humiliation Japan suffered by the hand of the
US Navy, illustrated by the terms of the
Convention of Kanagawa,
Late Tokugawa shogunate decided to move foward its Feudalism status in order to being able of preserving its independence. The government strongly promoted technological and industrial development wich eventually brought Japan to became a modern
wealth Regional power.
In a similar way, after the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Russia suffered during its
Russian Civil War, Soviet Union's Command economy decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and infrastructures in order to assure its own survival, thus becoming a world
superpower.
The other Eastern Bloc followed all the same developing scheme, albeit with a less enphasis on
heavy industry.
Southern Europe countries saw a moderate industrialization during the period from the
fifties to the
seventies, reached through a healthy integration of the
Economy of Europe, thought their level of development, as well as those of eastern countries, don't match the western standards.
The third world
A similar state-led developing program was pursued in virtually all the third world countries during the
Cold War, including Socialism ones, but specially in Sub-Saharan Africa after the
decolonization period. The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previosly imported goods, the mechanization of agriculture and the spread of
education and
health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to lack of realism: most countries didn't have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a Capitalism development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left
Developing countries' debt toward western countries and fueled
Political corruption.
Petrol producing countries
Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. The oil being both important and expensive, regions with big reserves have huge liquidity income. However this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local
elites are unable to re-invest the
petrodollars obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in luxury goods. This is particularly evident in the
Arab states of the Persian Gulf#Economy, where the per capita income is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialization has started. Apart from two little countries (Economy of Bahrain and
Economy of United Arab Emirates), Arab world#Modern Economies didn't Diversity (business) their economies, and no replacement for the Oil depletion is envisaged.
Asia
A totally different pattern was followed in East Asia, which is experiencing an accelerated industrialisation. In the
sixties a network of small privately-owned factories spread across four small countries known as the
Four Asian Tigers, focusing their activities on the export of low value added goods to
Developed country. This specialization, allowed by the existence of stable governments and Social organisation, was favoured by a low cost
workforce, a favorable exchange rate, and low custom duties. Because of the success of those initial policies the Asian tigers have recently been trying to step forward in this stage and diversify their economies.
This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in all eastern and
South Asia countries, including Communism ones. The success of this phenomenon has lead to a huge wave of
offshoring, that is, western Factory or tertiary corporations choosing to move their manufacturing activities to poor countries where the workforce is less expensive and less Trade union.
Economy of the People's Republic of China and
Economy of India, while roughly following this development pattern, were forced to adopt, because of their weight, specific policies. China's government is actively investing in expanding its own infrastructure and securing the required energy and raw materials supply channels, is supporting its exports by financing the United States balance payment deficit through the purchase or US treasure bonds, and is strengthening its Armed forces in order to endorse a major
Geopolitics role. India's government is investing in specific vanguard economic sectors such as
bioengineering, nuclear technology, pharmaceutics, informatics or technologically-oriented higher education, openly overpassing its needs, with the goal of creating several specialization poles able to conquer foreign markets.China and India, also, started to make huge investments in third countries, making them active actors of today's world economy.
Other countries
). People's Republic of China and India (in dark green) are special cases.In recent years, other countries like
Mexico,
Brazil or
Turkey have experienced a moderate industrial growth, fueled by exportations to bigger economies like United States, China or the
European Union respectively. They are sometimes called Newly-industrialized country. Also most
african and
latin american nations seem to follow a similar scheme. Despite this
Market trends being artificially influenced by the
Oil price increases of 2004-2006, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see: Maquiladora). Most analyst conclude in the next
decades the whole world will experience industrialization and international inequality will disappear and be replaced by merely social inequality.
Current situation
In 2005, the USA was the largest producer of industrial output followed by Japan and China, according to International Monetary Fund.
Currently the "international development community" (
World Bank, OECD, many United Nations departments and some other organisations) endorses development policies based on merely
poverty reduction, and giving access to poor populations to basic services like
Water purification or
primary education. It does not recognize traditional industrialisation policies as being adecuated to the Third world or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that it could only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in a free-trade dominated world.
See also
Literature
- Hobsbawm, Eric (1962): The Age of Revolution. Abacus.
(
Germany) around 1860
Industrialisation (also spelt
Industrialization) or an
Industrial Revolution is a process of
social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an industry one (a fully developed capitalist economy). It is a part of wider modernization process, where this social and economic change is closely related with
technology innovation, particularly the
Betterment of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. Industrialisation also introduces some form of
philosophy change, or to a different attitude in the perception of nature.
The lack of a large industry sector is widely seen as a major handicap in a country's economy, pushing many
governments to encourage or enforce industrialisation through artificial means.
The world's industrialization started with the
Industrial Revolution in the 18th century in northwest
England.
When Capitalization, Industrial Revolution refers to the first industrial revolution, which took place in Great Britain during the 18th century and
19th century centuries. The
Second Industrial Revolution describes later, somewhat less dramatic changes which came about with the widespread availability of
electric power, the internal-combustion engine and
assembly lines.
Consequences
Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above
List of subsistence techniques, meaning that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, 80% of the labor force was employed in subsistence agriculture.
Some pre-industrial economies, such as Ancient Athens, have had trade and commerce as significant factors, enjoying wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living. Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the
Netherlands and England of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Medieval commune of the 15th century and the ancient Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
civilisations were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and commercialization of the Agriculture. It is estimated that during the 17th century Netherlands imported nearly 70% of its grain supply and in the 5th century BC Athens imported 75% of its total food supply.
Industrialisation has spawned its own health problems. Modern Stress (medicine)ors include noise, air, water
pollution,
Food processing#Drawbacks,
Work accident, Social alienation, isolation (psychology),
poverty,
homelessness, and
Drug abuse. Health problems in
industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social,
Politics, and
Culture factors as by pathogens. Industrialisation has become a major medical issue world wide.
History
Industrial Revolution in Western Europe
In the
16th century and 17th century
Great Britain experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as
British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented
population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and helping, thereby, drive the Industrial Revolution.
The new manpower couldn't dedicate to agriculture due to the lack of land; besides, this was not needed neither because the higher productivity mechanization farming granted allowed a single peasant to feed a bigger number of otherwise employed
workers. On the other hand, new agriculture technics rised the demand for
machines and other hardware, traditionally provided by the Urban area
artisans. Artisans, collectively called bourgeoisie, employed
rural Human migration#Ravenstein's 'laws of migration'' workers to increase their output and meet the country's needs. The growth of their business coupled with the lack of experience of the new workers pushed to a Rationalization (economics) and
standardization of the duties the in workshops, thus leading to a division of work, that is, a primitive form of
Fordism.The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanized in order to boost the
productivity, therefore the
income. The accumulation of capital allowed
investments in the scientific research, enabling the industrialization process to self-sustain.
The mechanization of production spread to the countries surrounding England in Western Europe and
northern Europe and to British Settler colonialism, making those areas the wealthiest since, and shaping what is now know as the Western world.
Incidentally, the possession of
Exploitation colinialism eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their
Economic development. The consequence was that the Colony integrated a bigger
economic system in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside who demand manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the metropole stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is the triangular trade, who involved England, southern United States and western Africa. This polarity still affects the world, and deeply retarded the industrialization of what is now know as the Third world.
Other developed countries
After the humiliation Japan suffered by the hand of the
US Navy, illustrated by the terms of the Convention of Kanagawa, Late Tokugawa shogunate decided to move foward its
Feudalism status in order to being able of preserving its independence. The government strongly promoted technological and industrial development wich eventually brought Japan to became a modern
wealth Regional power.
In a similar way, after the
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Russia suffered during its Russian Civil War, Soviet Union's
Command economy decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and infrastructures in order to assure its own survival, thus becoming a world superpower.
The other
Eastern Bloc followed all the same developing scheme, albeit with a less enphasis on
heavy industry.
Southern Europe countries saw a moderate industrialization during the period from the fifties to the
seventies, reached through a healthy integration of the Economy of Europe, thought their level of development, as well as those of eastern countries, don't match the western standards.
The third world
A similar state-led developing program was pursued in virtually all the third world countries during the
Cold War, including Socialism ones, but specially in
Sub-Saharan Africa after the decolonization period. The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previosly
imported goods, the mechanization of agriculture and the spread of education and health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to lack of realism: most countries didn't have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a Capitalism development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left Developing countries' debt toward western countries and fueled
Political corruption.
Petrol producing countries
Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. The oil being both important and expensive, regions with big reserves have huge liquidity income. However this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local elites are unable to re-invest the petrodollars obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in luxury goods. This is particularly evident in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf#Economy, where the
per capita income is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialization has started. Apart from two little countries (Economy of Bahrain and
Economy of United Arab Emirates), Arab world#Modern Economies didn't
Diversity (business) their economies, and no replacement for the Oil depletion is envisaged.
Asia
A totally different pattern was followed in East Asia, which is experiencing an accelerated industrialisation. In the sixties a network of small privately-owned factories spread across four small countries known as the Four Asian Tigers, focusing their activities on the export of low value added goods to
Developed country. This specialization, allowed by the existence of stable governments and
Social organisation, was favoured by a low cost
workforce, a favorable exchange rate, and low custom duties. Because of the success of those initial policies the Asian tigers have recently been trying to step forward in this stage and diversify their economies.
This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in all eastern and South Asia countries, including
Communism ones. The success of this phenomenon has lead to a huge wave of offshoring, that is, western
Factory or
tertiary corporations choosing to move their manufacturing activities to poor countries where the workforce is less expensive and less Trade union.
Economy of the People's Republic of China and Economy of India, while roughly following this development pattern, were forced to adopt, because of their weight, specific policies. China's government is actively investing in expanding its own infrastructure and securing the required energy and raw materials supply channels, is supporting its exports by financing the
United States balance payment deficit through the purchase or US treasure
bonds, and is strengthening its
Armed forces in order to endorse a major Geopolitics role. India's government is investing in specific vanguard economic sectors such as
bioengineering,
nuclear technology, pharmaceutics,
informatics or technologically-oriented higher education, openly overpassing its needs, with the goal of creating several specialization poles able to conquer foreign markets.China and India, also, started to make huge investments in third countries, making them active actors of today's world economy.
Other countries
).
People's Republic of China and
India (in dark green) are special cases.In recent years, other countries like
Mexico, Brazil or Turkey have experienced a moderate industrial growth, fueled by exportations to bigger economies like United States, China or the European Union respectively. They are sometimes called Newly-industrialized country. Also most african and latin american nations seem to follow a similar scheme. Despite this
Market trends being artificially influenced by the Oil price increases of 2004-2006, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see:
Maquiladora). Most analyst conclude in the next decades the whole world will experience industrialization and international inequality will disappear and be replaced by merely social inequality.
Current situation
In 2005, the USA was the largest producer of industrial output followed by Japan and China, according to
International Monetary Fund.
Currently the "international development community" (World Bank,
OECD, many United Nations departments and some other organisations) endorses development policies based on merely
poverty reduction, and giving access to poor populations to basic services like Water purification or
primary education. It does not recognize traditional industrialisation policies as being adecuated to the Third world or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that it could only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in a free-trade dominated world.
See also
Literature
- Hobsbawm, Eric (1962): The Age of Revolution. Abacus.
Industrialisation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Industrialisation or Industrialization (in American spelling) is social and economic change where a human group is made into a societly inquireing a lot of businesses.
Export-oriented industrialization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Industrialization
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Definition of industrialization in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of industrialization. Pronunciation of industrialization. Translations of industrialization. industrialization ...
Maney Publishing - Contents - The Archaeology of Industrialization
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Hutchinson encyclopedia article about industrialization. industrialization. Information about industrialization in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.
Cottontimes index
Industrial Revolution in England with biographies of inventors, engineers, politicians, reformers and other figures
industrialization definition of industrialization in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about industrialization. Information about industrialization in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Industrialization and De-Industrialization - MSN Encarta
Industrialization and De-Industrialization, in economics, conditions marked by increase or lessening of the importance of industry in the economy. The
Collectivization and Industrialization
Collectivization and Industrialization. In November 1927, Joseph Stalin launched his "revolution from above" by setting two extraordinary goals for Soviet domestic policy: rapid ...
